By: Dr. / Zaghloul El-Naggar
“Indeed your Lord is Allâh, Who created the heavens and the earth in Six Days, and then He Rose and Dominated (Istawâ) over the Throne (in a manner that uniquely suits His Majesty).”
(Surat
The fact that the universe was created in six days was mentioned in the Holy Qur’an in eight verses where Allah (SWT) says what can be translated as:
1. Surat
54: “Indeed your Lord is Allâh, Who created the heavens and the earth in Six Days, and then He rose and Dominated (Istawâ) over the Throne (in a manner that uniquely suits His Majesty). He brings the night as a veil over the day, seeking it continuously without delay, and (He created) the sun, the moon and the stars subjected to His Command. Surely, to Him is the Creation and Commandment. Blessed is Allâh, the Lord of the ‘Âlamîn (mankind, jinn and all that exists)!”
2. Surat
3: Surely, your Lord is Allâh Who created the heavens and the earth in six Days and then rose and Dominated (Istawâ ) over the Throne (in a manner that uniquely suits His Majesty), disposing the affair of all things. No intercessor (can plead with Him) except after His Leave. That is Allâh, your Lord; so worship Him (Alone). Then, will you not remember?
3. Surat
7: And it is He, Who has created the heavens and the earth in six Days and His Throne was on the water, that He might try you to know which of you is the best in deeds. …"
4. Surat
59: (Allah) Who created the heavens and the earth and all that is between them in six Days. Then He Rose and Dominated (Istawâ) over the Throne (in a manner that uniquely suits His Majesty). The Most Gracious (Allâh)! Ask Him (O Prophet Muhammad - pbuh), as He is Al-Khabîr (The All-Knower of everything).
5. Surat
4: Allâh it is He Who has created the heavens and the earth, and all that is between them in six Days. Then He Rose and Dominated (Istawâ) over the Throne (in a manner that uniquely suits His Majesty). You (mankind) have none, besides Him, as a Walî (protector or helper) or an intercessor. Will you not then remember (or receive admonition)?
6. Sûrat Fussilat (They are Explained in detail)
9: Say (O Prophet Muhammad - pbuh): "Do you verily disbelieve in Him Who created the earth in two Days? And you set up rivals with Him (in worship)? That is the Lord of the ‘Âlamîn (mankind, jinn and all that exists). 10. He placed therein (i.e. the earth) firm mountains from above, and He blessed it, and assessed therein its sustenance (for its dwellers) in four equal Days (i.e. all these four days were equal in the length of time) for all those who would ask (about its creation). 11. Then He Rose and Dominated (Istawâ) over the heaven when it was smoke, and Said to it and to the earth: "Come both of you willingly or unwillingly." They both said: "We come willingly." 12. Then He finished from their creation as seven heavens in two Days and He instilled in each heaven its affair. And We (Allah) adorned the nearest (lowest) heaven with lamps (stars) to be an adornment as well as guards (from the devils by using them as missiles against them). Such is the Decree of Him the All-Mighty, the All-Knower.
7. Surat Qaf (a letter of the Arabic alphabet corresponding to the letter “L”)
38: And indeed We created the heavens and the earth and all between them in six Days and nothing of fatigue touched Us.
8. Surat
4: It is He Who created the heavens and the earth in six Days and then Rose and Dominated (Istawâ) over the Throne (in a manner that uniquely suits His Majesty). He knows what goes into the earth and what comes forth from it, and what descends from the heaven and what ascends thereto. And He is with you (by His Knowledge) wherever you may be. And Allâh is the All-Seer of what you do.
The majority of scholars who have interpreted the meanings of the Qur’an have agreed that the creation of the heavens and earth in six days came on six stages, or six incidents, or six phases, or consecutive cosmic events. The lengths of which are only known to Allah. They cannot be like our days on earth because the earth was not created yet. That’s why these days were not depicted by the Qur’an description “of what you reckon” that came in many other verses of the Qur’an to indicate our days on earth.
Significance of the word “yaum: day” in the Holy Qur’an
The word “day” in addition to its derivatives were mentioned 475 times in the Qur’an; of these it came as “al-yaum: today – this day” 349 times, as “yauman: days” 16 times, which makes a total of 365 times (same number of days per year). It also came as “yaumakum: your days”, “yaumahum: their days”, “yaumayn: two days”, “ayyam: many days”, “ayyaman: few days” 109 times, to indicate specific incidents or specific numbers of days. The two terms “yauma’idhin: that day” and “yauma’idh: on that day” to indicate a specific time.
In the Arabic language the word “yaum: day” (plural, ayyam: days) is used to denote the period between two consecutive transits of the sun. In other words, it denotes daytime between two consecutive nights. It also denotes either day and night times (or what’s known as a full day or the “Mean Solar Day”. It is also the period during which the earth travels a full turn round its axis relative to the sun. Further, it is the time span between two consecutive sunsets or sunrises totaling to 24 full hours.
In Arabic also the phrase “since the first days of..” denotes the first days of any specific date or time. Sometimes they use the word “yaum: day” to denote “troubled times” for an individual or for a group of people, like saying: “a day like the days of Aad[1]” ,“a day like the days of Thamud”, “a day like the days of the Arabs”, “a day in lifetime”.
“Day” can be used to denote a certain span of time, no matter what its length. That means that the word “day” from the linguistic point of view is a generic term that varies in its significance according to the context it is placed in.
The word “day” came in Qur’an with all these meanings.. it came meaning “daytime” in this verse of the Qur’an, that can translated as,
196. “…but if he cannot afford it, he should observe Saum (fasting) three days during the Hajj…”
And this verse that can be translated as,
Sûrat Al-Hâqqah (The Inevitable)
7. Which Allâh imposed on them for seven nights and eight days in succession …
It came as the typical day of planet earth (the interval earth takes to travel round its axis facing the sun in 24 hours), as in the verse that can be translated as,
Sûrat Al-Baqarah (The Cow)
203. And remember Allâh during the appointed Days. But whosoever hastens to leave in two days, there is no sin on him and whosoever stays on, there is no sin on him, if his aim is to do good and obey Allâh …
It also came as a specific day of the week as in the verse that can be translated as,
Sûrat Al-Jumu‘ah (Friday)
9. O you who believe (Muslims)! When the call is proclaimed for the Salât (prayer) on Friday (Jumu‘ah prayer), come to the remembrance of Allâh and leave your trading and business. That is better for you if you did but know!
Also in the verse that can be translated as,
163. And ask them (O Muhammad - pbuh) about the town that was by the sea; when they transgressed in the matter of the Sabbath (i.e. Saturday): when their fish came to them openly on the Sabbath day, and did not come to them on the day they had no Sabbath. Thus We afflicted them, for they used to rebel against Allâh’s Command (disobey Allâh).
It also came to denote a specific day of the year like the day of the Hajj (the day of Arafa – or the ninth day of Dhul-Hijjah).
It also came to denote a specific incident in history like: “the day of the Festival”, “the day of overshadowing gloom”, “the day of testing”, “the day of Hunain”, “the day of disaster”, “the day of Decision”
It came to denote certain signs of destroying the cosmic system before the Day of Judgment like: “the Day when the earth and the mountains will be in violent shake”, “the Day when the sky will bring forth a kind of smoke plainly visible”, “the Day when the heavens will be in dreadful commotion”
It came to denote a day from the days of Allah whose span would be beyond our grasp or realization. To make us realize its significance it was compared to our own years in addition to the Qur’anic description “of what you reckon”, like in the verse that can be translated as,
Sûrat Al-Hajj (The Pilgrimage)
47. And they ask you to hasten on the torment! And Allâh fails not His Promise. And verily, a day with your Lord is as a thousand years of what you reckon.
Allah (Exalted be He) says what can be translated as,
Sûrat As-Sajdah (The Prostration)
5. He manages and regulates (every) affair from the heavens to the earth; then everything will go up to Him, in one Day, the span whereof is a thousand years of what you reckon (on earth).
“Day” came in the Qur’an as meaning: phase, stage, incident or cosmic event in verses like: (Surat al-Araf - verse 7, Surat Yunus – verse 3, Surat Hud – verse 7, Surat al-Furqan – verse 59, Surat as-Sajdah – verse 4, Surat Qaf – verse 38 and Surat al-Hadid – verse 4).
It also came as meaning the “day of judgment” in different utterances and in different contexts like:
- The Day of Requital (yaumud-een)
- The Day of Resurrection (yaumuq-qiama)
- The Hour (yaumus-saa’)
- The Day of Sorting Out (yaumul-fasl)
- The Day of Judgment (yaumul-hisab)
- The Day of Assembly (yaumuj-jame’)
- The Day of Mutual Meeting (yaumut-taq’)
- The Day when there will be mutual calling and wailing (yaumut-tana’d)
- The Day that is ever drawing (yaumul-azefa)
- The day of Testimony (yaumul-ash’had)
- The Day of Distress (yaumul-hasra)
- The Day of mutual loss and gain (yaumul-taghabun)
- The Day whereof Warning had been given (yaumul-wae’id)
- The day of Resurrection from the graves (yaumul-khuruj)
- The day of eternal life (yaumul-khulud)
.. And many other meanings denoting the day of resurrection, judgment and eternal life.
Significance of the word “day” in Astronomy
The Mean Solar Day, stands for the interval where the earth completes a full turn round its axis relative to the sun. In our times this interval is estimated by 24 hours, shared between both daytime and night time. As for the Sidereal Day (which is about 3 minutes and 56 seconds less than the Solar Day) it can be measured as the interval the interval between two passages of a given star across the observer’s meridian. The small difference between the intervals of both days is due to the fact that while the earth completes a full turn round its axis relative to the sun, it would have covered a distance in its orbit around the sun that could be estimated by 1/365 of the overall length of the orbit’s circumference.
Due to the fact that the earth and all the other celestial bodies in the heavens move in varied speeds and round varied axes.. And due to the fact that each planet has its own physical and orbital elements. Hence, the lengths of these axial and orbital periods would vary from one planet to the other. Consequently, the intervals of days length and year length on each planet would greatly vary from one to the other. So a day length for the planets of the solar system would vary between 58 earth-days (in the nearest planet to the sun, namely, Mercury), to 243 days on planet Venus, to 24 hours on planet earth (divided between the daytime and night time like all planets), to 24 hours and 37 minutes on planet Mars, to 9 hours and 53 minutes on planet Jupiter, to 10 hours - 14 minutes and 24 seconds on planet Saturn, to 17 hours and 14 minutes on planet Uranus, to 16 hours and 6 minutes on planet Neptune.
Also the time span of each year would vary from one planet of the solar system planets to the other depending on the distance of its orbit and the speed in which it covers this distance. For instance, the orbital motion of Mercury round the sun can be estimated by 88 earth-days, whereas that of Venus can be estimated by 224.7 earth-days and that of earth can be estimated by 365.256 days. That of Mars can be estimated by 686.98 earth-days, that of Jupiter can be estimated by 11.86 earth-years and that of Saturn can be estimated by 29.46 earth-years. On the other hand, that of Uranus can be estimated by 84.07 earth-years, that of Neptune can be estimated by 164.81 earth-years and that of Pluto can be estimated by 248.53 earth-years. Whereas, the sun completes one full turn round its axis in 25 earth-days. It further covers a full rotation round the galactic center in 225 million earth-years.
The solar system is but a minute spot in our galaxy (the Milky Way) which in turn is but one galaxy among the local galactic group cluster which in turn constitute but a minute spot of the greater galactic cluster. This process of being a part of a bigger form goes on till infinity in a universe that has not been yet realized. All of which are constantly moving in the nearest heaven that has been adorned by Allah (Blessed and Exalted be He) with the stars. The nearest heaven, in turn, is constantly moving within the six other heaven.. and truthful is Allah SWT as He says what can be translated as, “And verily, a day with your Lord is as a thousand years of what you reckon.” (Surat
The theory of relativity and time
In the past, Arabs used distance to denote time like: a one-month walk, a one-week walk or a day’s walk.. Usually walking in this context meant riding camels or walking on foot. In the theory of relativity time is used like the fourth dimension along with the other three known dimensions. One of the ancient Muslim Sufis (Mohei el-Deen Ibn al-Arabi) has surpassed Albert Einstein by hundreds of years when he stated the fact that the universe in an abstract existence when it comes to both: place and time. He also preceded him in linking the convexity of the universe to the convexity of time. All of these issues are considered nowadays to be of the most important results of the general theory of relativity. The Quranic verses describing the “day” as “a thousands years of what you reckon” and in another verse as “fifty thousand years of what you reckon” could be taken as the base of the theory of relativity. Not just that, but the Qur’an has also mentioned the speed of light in Allah’s saying (Exalted be He) says what can be translated as,
Sûrat An-Naml - (The Ants) 40. One with whom was knowledge of the Scripture said: "I will bring it to you within the blink of an eye!"
Ibn al-Arabi has used the light year in the same concept in which it is used nowadays in astronomy and in view of this very same verse mentioned above. At the wake of the century Albert Einstein announced both the special and the general theory of relativity in 1905 and 1915.
The general theory of relativity is based on a postulate that gravity is equivalent to acceleration and it described gravity as a curve caused by mass and energy (and both are two faces for the same coin), in a four-dimensioned universe. The special theory of relativity is based on two basic postulates:
- That the laws of physics are constant on any still body or any body moving at a constant speed.
- The speed of light in space remains constant regardless of the speed of the source it started from or the speed of its viewer. It is an absolute speed in any case. So the light coming from a lamp fixed in a train would spread at the same speed whether this train is approaching the viewer or moving away from him.
These two hypotheses aim at having the physical laws constant (mechanic and electromagnetic) whether the body they are being measure at is still or moving at a constant speed. This is because motion and stillness are both inconstant in the observed universe, meaning that everything connected to the universe is relative. The sole exception to that is the speed of light because it is constant to the outside viewer and it isn’t affected by both the viewer and the source of the light. The speed of light has been experimentally estimated to be 299792.5 kilometers/second in space.
The curvature of a beam of light (the curve in its passage) between the sky and the earth has been detected in 1919 and it was proven that the whole universe (matter & energy) is in a curvature and that all forms of matter and energy can never move in straight lines in the universe. Glory be to Allah who mentioned in the Holy Qur’an (1400 years ago) the movement in the sky with the term “uruj: ascending in a curved path” in seven different verses.
The constant speed of light refuted the old assumption that time is absolute. Consequently, this refutes the assumption that this universe is self-ruled. In other words, any absolute ruler for this universe has to be from outside this universe not from within it. This is called the authority of the sole Ruler and Creator (swt). It has been proven that the universe is under constant expansion and if we retreat in time with this expansion we will have to reach an extremely minute point with no dimensions and with an infinite mass and energy. This state that is very close to non-existence (al-ratq’: the single entity of the first material that formed the universe) has exploded by order of the Creator and from this explosion came both: matter and energy (two faces for the same coin), from it also came: time and place (two consecutive existences). All of these were intertwined within themselves and at the same time with the universe and all the other creatures on it.. all of which came from non-existence to existence, then they will go to non-existence then existence again. The creator (swt) is above and surrounding all that: time (past, present and future), not restricted by any place, nor any time… Because He created all that. He is neither formed from matter nor energy, because He (swt) is the creator of all. He is not like any of His creations… And non of His creations can be like Him.. He is indeed as He has described Himself in what can be translated as,
Sûrat Ash-Shûra - (The Consultation) 11. … There is nothing like Him; and He is the All-Hearer, the All-Seer.
The theory of relativity clarified the fact that the mass of any moving body increases by the increase of its speed and diminishes (i.e. gets shorter) in the same direction of its movement. When it reaches the speed of light, it totally vanished within itself to be transformed into energy according to this equation:
E = MC2
[where E is (energy), M is (mass of the body moving at the speed of light), C is (the speed of light)]
The theory explains that apart from the speed of light, any TIME in the observed part of the universe is considered to be a relative time depending on the speed of the moving body. The more its speed increases (compared to any other body) the less the impact of time on it. In other words, the percentage between the time for a rocket moving in the sky and the time on earth would increase as the speed of this rocket increases. Till this speed reached 99.995% of the speed of light, at that instant a year at this rocket will be equal to 100 years on earth. So TIME on earth is limited to the standards of earth and is connected to PLACE and SPEED (motion). So it is a relative TIME because a moving body would carry its own TIME with it and every celestial body will remain in motion till a known time.. refer to: Sûrat Ar-Ra‘d - (The Thunder) – verse 2 and Sûrat Yâ-Sîn – verse 38.
If we change verse 5 (Sûrat As-Sajda) and verse 47 (Sûrat Al-Hajj) into a mathematical equation, we will get the speed of light according to the enclosed chart. Proving that Qur’an is miraculous in referring to this fact 1400 years ago. The deducted amount from these two verses matches those of the calculated speed of light (in vacuum) as internationally agreed (with the accepted margin of deviation). Blessed and Exalted be Allah who send the Qur’an 1400 years ago saying what can be translated as, “He manages and regulates (every) affair from the heavens to the earth; then everything will go up to Him, in one Day, the span whereof is a thousand years of what you reckon (on earth).” (Surat Surat
The six days of creation as mentioned in the Qur’an
The mention of these six days came in brief in seven verses in the Qur’an, and in detail in four other verses at chapter 41, named by Allah as Sûrat Fussilat (They are Explained in detail). Even the name in itself is a miracle because it gives a glimpse about the fact that this Surah talks in detail about the creation of the heavens and earth. This is taken as flagrant proof on the ability of the Creator, the authenticity of the Holy Qur’an and the message of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), that came with the basics of doctrine and the cornerstone of faith. It further proves, the integrity of the revelation and comes as a warning with the stories of the nations that have been annihilated when they disbelieved their messengers, insisted on disobeying Allah and corrupted earth with their sins. It also came to verify the reward of those who fear Allah and believe in Him, His Message and His messengers.
The verse comprises 11 cosmic signs considered to be magnificent signs of the scientific miracles in Qur’an. The verse is concluded with a promise from Allah to the whole humanity, to the atheists in particular, that close to the Day of Judgment, Allah will reveal some concealed secrets about this universe to all human beings, to assert what came in the Holy Qur’an (that was conveyed to us by the last Prophet, Muhammad, PBUH).
The four verses of Sûrat Fussilat (They are explained in detail) (9-12), reveal the fact that the creation of the primary earth preceded the separation of the primary (gaseous) heaven into seven heavens. So Allah revealed the fact that the earth was created in two days (that’s to say on two stages). A day for the “ratq’: the single entity of the first material that formed the universe“and a day for the “fatq’: dividing apart this single entity“. It also mentions that Allah has placed the mountains as pegs from above, then He blessed it, and assessed therein its sustenance (for its dwellers) in four days (that’s to say four consecutive stages). Then He created the heavens in two days (that’s to say, two stages). Allah is the most able, He says to it: "Be," and it is, so this progressiveness is for an important wisdom that we have to realize. From this wisdom man has to grasp the essence of the laws of the Creator in His creation, thus applying them in populating earth and performing his duties as a vicegerent on it.
The reader might be confused, while reading these verses at the first look, into thinking that the creation of earth alone has lasted six days (that’s to say six stages). In addition to two more days for the creation of the heavens, this will make at the end a total of eight days for the creation of the heavens and earth. This would have clashed with many other verses stating that the creation of the heavens and earth lasted for six days (six stages). Yet, because the creation of heavens and earth was a single intertwined mission this would make the two days in which the earth was created to be the two same days in which the seven heavens were created. This is because the order that came from Allah at the end of these four verses was for both the earth and the heavens, in what can be translated as, “ Then He Rose and Dominated (Istawâ) over the heaven when it was smoke, and Said to it and to the earth: "Come both of you willingly or unwillingly." They both said: "We come willingly.” ( Surat
Most Qur’an commentators have however disagreed with this explanation because they considered the two days in which the earth was created inclusive in the four days of: placing the mountains, blessing and assessing sustenance. On the other hand, they all agree that the conjunction in this verse (then) doesn’t denote sequence together with the time-delay, but denotes the interval needed for the process of “Istiwâ: rising and dominating over the Throne in a manner that uniquely suits Allah’s Majesty” and separation of the seven heavens from the primary smoky heaven. This is because the conjunction (then) here would mean something that has taken place in a later interval. To prove this further, Allah says in Sûrat An-Nâzi‘ât - (Those Who Pull Out) what can be translated as,
27. Are you more difficult to create or is the heaven that He constructed? 28. Heraised its height, and has perfected it. 29. Its night He covers with darkness and its forenoon He brings out (with light). 30. And after that He spread the earth, 31.And brought forth (from it) its water and its pasture. 32. And the mountains He has fixed firmly, 33. (To be) a provision and benefit for you and your cattle.
This proves that the four stages of: placing the mountains, blessing and assessing sustenance, stand for the process of “dahu’: spreading the earth”. In other words, bringing out the earths’ water and pasture by creating its atmosphere and oceans of water. So the two days in which the earth was creates (the very same days in which the heavens were created) were the same two days in which was created the elements of the primary earth within the smoky heaven. Listen to Allah saying in Surat Fussilat, what can be translated as,
11. Then He Rose and Dominated (Istawâ) over the heaven when it was smoke, and Said to it and to the earth: "Come both of you willingly or unwillingly." They both said: "We come willingly." 12. Then He finished from their creation as seven heavens in two Days and He instilled in each heaven its affair. And We (Allah) adorned the nearest (lowest) heaven with lamps (stars) to be an adornment as well as guards (from the devils by using them as missiles against them). Such is the Decree of Him the All-Mighty, the All-Knower.
To prove this further Allah says in Sûrat Al-Baqarah - (The Cow) what can be translated as,
29. It is He, Who has created for you all what is on earth. Then He rose over (Istawâ) towards the heaven and made them seven heavens and He is the All-Knower of everything.
The word “created” here stands for estimating the elements of the earth.
The six days of creation as regards to applied sciences:
Applied science view the creation of universe as follows:
- The stage of the primary cosmic egg, from which all the creation has started (“ratq’: the single entity of the first material that formed the universe“).
- Explosion of the primary cosmic egg (“fatq’: dividing apart this single entity) or the smoky stage and the start of expansion.
- The stage of creating the different elements in the smoky universe through the creation of matter and anti-matter, the creation of hydrogen atoms, Helium and some Lithium.
- The separation of nebulae, each of which started to condense by the force of gravity forming the stars, the sun, the earth and the rest of the celestial bodies.
- The stage of spreading the earth, forming its atmosphere, oceans of water and rocks. Then the sheets of rocks started moving to form the oceans, the continents, the mountains and the land. Then the water cycle started and the surface of the earth became almost even, with a store of water under its surface.
- The stage of creating life from its simplest forms to its diversified categories.
And Allah knows all about what He created…
Astronomers and astrophysicists estimate the age of the universe to be 10 – 15 billion years. Whereas, geologists estimate the age of this planet to be 4.6 billion years, and this conclusion has been also reached by scientists who analyzed the rocks and the sand they got from the moon, and the age of many other meteors that hit the earth. It seems that the great difference between the age estimated for planet earth and that estimated for the universe is due to the fact that the estimated age for the earth is the age of solidification of its outside crust. Consequently, this age would not include the stages of the primary earth, nor the stages of creating the elements from which this primary earth was formed.
The verses in both Surat 2:29 ) and Surat Fussilat (41: 9 – 12) signify the fact that creating the earth has preceded the separation of the primary smoky heaven into seven heavens. It is obvious that the creation here was for the elements of the earth, this was followed by the creation of the earth in the form of a primary planet that was later spread to take the present form. This is because the creation of the heavens and earth is an intertwined inseparable process.
Praise be to Allah, who from above the seven heavens, more than 1400 years ago brought forth these decisive verses in the form of a rebuking, disapproving question to all atheists and disbelievers. The verses can be translated as,
9. Say (O Prophet Muhammad - pbuh): "Do you verily disbelieve in Him Who created the earth in two Days? And you set up rivals with Him (in worship)? That is the Lord of the ‘Âlamîn (mankind, jinn and all that exists). 10. He placed therein (i.e. the earth) firm mountains from above, and He blessed it, and assessed therein its sustenance (for its dwellers) in four equal Days (i.e. all these four days were equal in the length of time) for all those who would ask (about its creation). 11. Then He Rose and Dominated (Istawâ) over the heaven when it was smoke, and Said to it and to the earth: "Come both of you willingly or unwillingly." They both said: "We come willingly." 12. Then He finished from their creation as seven heavens in two Days and He instilled in each heaven its affair. And We (Allah) adorned the nearest (lowest) heaven with lamps (stars) to be an adornment as well as guards (from the devils by using them as missiles against them). Such is the Decree of Him the All-Mighty, the All-Knower.”
(Surat
And also says what can be translated as,
54: “Indeed your Lord is Allâh, Who created the heavens and the earth in Six Days, and then He Rose and Dominated (Istawâ) over the Throne (in a manner that uniquely suits His Majesty).”
(Surat
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